Design System Foundations

Every great design system begins with strong foundations. These core elements are the building blocks that enable teams to create consistent, accessible, and scalable products that authentically represent your brand while meeting the diverse needs of your users.

This comprehensive guide is designed for both designers and developers who are looking to create their own design system from the ground up. Rather than simply providing pre-built components, we focus on the underlying principles, considerations, and best practices that inform thoughtful design decisions.

By mastering these foundations, you'll gain the knowledge to build a system that's not just a collection of UI elements, but a cohesive framework that embodies your product's unique identity while ensuring accessibility, consistency, and scalability across platforms.

Core Foundations

These atomic elements form the basic building blocks of any design system. Each foundation is considered from multiple perspectives: visual design, accessibility, cross-platform compatibility, and practical implementation.

Color

Establishes brand identity, provides hierarchy, and supports contrast across light and dark themes. You'll learn how to define semantic and functional color tokens, evaluate contrast accessibility using WCAG and APCA, and implement color theming across platforms.

Explore Color

Typography

Typography communicates tone, hierarchy, and clarity. Explore how to define typographic scales, apply system font stacks, manage line height and letter spacing, and ensure readable text across screen sizes and user preferences.

Explore Typography

Spacing & Sizing

A consistent rhythm of space supports layout clarity and legibility. Learn how to define a modular spacing scale, use sizing tokens for components, and build layouts that respect accessibility requirements like minimum touch targets.

Explore Spacing & Sizing

Layout

The structure that guides responsive design and visual organization. Understand how to create grid systems, define breakpoints, and structure containers and flows that adapt across screen sizes while preserving usability.

Explore Layout

Icons

Icons offer fast recognition and visual language support. Learn about icon sizing, stroke styles, accessibility alternatives like ARIA labels, and how to systematize icons for consistency in size, alignment, and usage.

Explore Icons

Elevation & Shadows

Visual layering helps users distinguish between surfaces and understand interactions. This section covers shadow tokens, elevation ramps, and how to provide depth cues that are both accessible and performant across platforms.

Explore Elevation & Shadows

Radius & Shape

Shape tokens define the visual personality of your interface. Explore how to create consistent border-radius scales, apply shapes meaningfully to interactive components, and align visual identity across a system.

Explore Radius & Shape

Motion & Duration

Motion provides continuity and feedback. You'll learn to define motion tokens (duration, easing), support prefers-reduced-motion, and create accessible animations that reinforce user interaction rather than distract.

Explore Motion & Duration

Grid Systems

Grid systems help organize layouts with predictable flow and alignment. This section introduces column structures, gutter sizing, spacing alignment, and how to adapt grids responsively while maintaining accessibility.

Explore Grid Systems

Borders & Strokes

Borders frame and delineate components. Learn how to apply tokenized border styles and widths, ensure contrast and visibility, and support semantic distinctions (e.g. input focus or warning states).

Explore Borders & Strokes

Meta Foundations

These concepts guide how foundational elements are structured, extended, and scaled. Meta foundations focus on naming, hierarchy, and system strategy to support consistent, long-term growth.

Token Naming & Hierarchy

Understand how to structure your tokens into core, semantic, and component-level layers to ensure clarity, reuse, and scalability across platforms and themes.

Explore Token Naming & Hierarchy

Theming Strategies

Learn techniques for supporting dark mode, brand variations, and context-aware styling using alias tokens, layered tokens, and theme inheritance.

Explore Theming Strategies

Atomic vs Semantic Tokens

Explore the difference between raw value tokens and purpose-driven semantic tokens to create a balance between flexibility and clarity.

Explore Atomic vs Semantic Tokens

System vs Style

Distinguish between foundational system logic and brand style layers, helping your design system scale while preserving identity.

Explore System vs Style

Component Mapping

Map tokens to component anatomy to make token usage more intuitive and help teams understand how design decisions translate to implementation.

Explore Component Mapping

Tooling in Context

A strong system is supported by powerful tooling that keeps tokens, themes, and component styling consistent between design and development. This section introduces tools that help automate, lint, and visualize your system.

Design Tooling

Explore tools like Token Studio, Figma variables, and contrast checking plugins that help define, test, and maintain design-side foundations.

Explore Design Tooling

Code Tooling

Integrate tokens into code using tools like Style Dictionary, Tailwind token syncing, and accessibility linters like eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y.

Explore Code Tooling

Automation & CI/CD

Automate token distribution, theme switching, and documentation updates using GitHub Actions, custom pipelines, and preview deployments.

Explore Automation & CI/CD

Accessibility

Accessibility is a foundational principle, not a post-process checklist. Systems that are accessible by default are easier to scale, maintain, and test across platforms and user needs.

This section covers global accessibility guidelines, token-level considerations, and practical tooling. Accessibility is also revisited within each individual foundation to reinforce its importance across every decision.

Standards & Principles

Learn how WCAG 2.1+, APCA, and the POUR model shape accessible design. Understand how these principles apply throughout your system.

Explore Standards & Principles

Token-Level Accessibility

Build accessible systems from the ground up using tokens for color contrast, motion sensitivity, spacing for legibility, and focus states.

Explore Token-Level Accessibility

Assistive Tech Support

Support screen readers and other assistive tools with proper semantics, ARIA usage, and keyboard navigation considerations.

Explore Assistive Tech Support

Accessibility Tooling

Use tools like axe-core, Lighthouse, and Figma plugins to test, validate, and enforce accessibility at every stage of your workflow.

Explore Accessibility Tooling

Philosophy & Practice

Frame accessibility as a design constraint that enhances decision-making and expands the usability of your product for everyone.

Explore Philosophy & Practice